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The Limits of Autonomy: The Belmont Report and the History of Childhood

機(jī)譯：自治的局限性：貝爾蒙特報(bào)告和童年歷史

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This article examines the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research recommendations on children as research subjects in the context of the history of American childhood. The Commission's deliberations took place during the post-World War II period of rapid changes in understandings of childhood and adolescence, brought on in part by school children's highly visible roles as risk-taking protagonists in the polio vaccine trials and the civil rights movement; by the children's rights movement and court decisions granting children and adolescents greater autonomy in divorce cases and in delinquency and mental health hearings, among other rights; and finally by a renewed movement for child protection led by parents of disabled children and by polio survivors themselves. The National Commission's final recommendations emphasized the need for parents to approve, for children above age seven to assent to research, and for children in special care (either medical, psychiatric, or because they were orphans or had committed juvenile crimes) generally to be subjects of research only if there was some direct connection between the reasons for their special care and the objectives of the research. Ultimately, in these recommendations, the National Commission charted a middle ground between the children's rights movement, which advocated enhanced self-determination for children, and the disability rights movement, which urged greater protection for children.
機(jī)譯：本文研究了美國生物醫(yī)學(xué)和行為研究的國家人類保護(hù)委員會(huì)關(guān)于在美國童年歷史背景下將兒童作為研究對象的建議。該委員會(huì)的審議是在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后對兒童和青少年的理解迅速變化的時(shí)期進(jìn)行的，其部分原因是小學(xué)生在脊髓灰質(zhì)炎疫苗試驗(yàn)和民權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)中扮演冒險(xiǎn)主角的作用非常明顯；通過兒童權(quán)利運(yùn)動(dòng)和法院判決，除其他權(quán)利外，在離婚案件，犯罪和心理健康聽證會(huì)上賦予兒童和青少年更大的自主權(quán)；最后是由殘疾兒童父母和小兒麻痹癥幸存者自己領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的新的兒童保護(hù)運(yùn)動(dòng)。全國委員會(huì)的最終建議強(qiáng)調(diào)，一般來說，有必要讓父母批準(zhǔn)，七歲以上的孩子同意研究，以及特殊護(hù)理（醫(yī)學(xué)，精神病學(xué)或因?yàn)樗麄兪枪聝夯蚍赣猩倌曜铮┑膬和挥性谔厥庹疹櫟脑蚺c研究目標(biāo)之間存在直接聯(lián)系時(shí)，才能進(jìn)行研究。最終，在這些建議中，國家委員會(huì)在倡導(dǎo)加強(qiáng)對兒童的自決權(quán)的兒童權(quán)利運(yùn)動(dòng)與敦促對兒童提供更多保護(hù)的殘疾人權(quán)利運(yùn)動(dòng)之間劃出了中間立場。

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